Biosecurity – an introduction

Aotearoa New Zealand's isolation for millions of years means that until humans arrived a few centuries ago, our plants and animals had no outside competition, nor were they replaced by introduced species. They continued to evolve alone in this unique environment. As a result, 82% of New Zealand’s plants are endemic.

Many, many plants and animals have been introduced into New Zealand. We have benefitted from lots of them, but others have created problems.

Biosecurity systems help to prevent new plants, animals and microbes from entering New Zealand and causing problems.

If you click the Topics tab at the top of the web page, you will see that the Hub has a topic devoted to biosecurity. Peruse the topic to see what is on offer.

This collection has a selection of the biosecurity-related resources. Each resource has a note behind it. Click on the yellow border to access the notes. The notes have probing student questions or pedagogical suggestions.

'What is biosecurity?' is an article in the Ministry of Education's Connected series, level 3, 2011.

What is Biosecurity

The abstract: This article introduces the concept of biosecurity and explains how, as a group of isolated islands, New Zealand developed a unique range of ecosystems. The arrival of plants or animals from other countries could be disastrous for our environment. Therefore, our borders are constantly monitored by biosecurity agencies to protect our environment, agriculture, and our health.

Why is it easier for New Zealand to potentially prevent unwanted pests?

What are two unintended consequences of introduced rabbits?

What are some of the ways in which agencies like MPI help to keep New Zealand free from introduced risks?

White butterflies - introductory notes

White butterflies are commonly seen throughout all of New Zealand for a reasonable portion of the year. They are a visible and accessible context for learning for students working at NZC levels 1 and 2.

What does this sentence mean – The white butterfly is one visitor that came and conquered!

What adaptations (features that help them to survive) do white butterflies have that make them such a hardy pest?

This activity supports the science capabilities

  • gather and interpret data
  • interpret representations

A new species of white butterfly – the great white butterfly – was first discovered in Nelson in 2010. The Department of Conservation, crown research institutes and the public worked to eradicate the pest. Read about their innovative and successful efforts here: https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2016/great-white-butterfly-eradication-success/

Myrtle rust – introductory notes

Not all biosecurity issues come from humans bringing in food, animals or soil. Sometimes we just get unlucky. Myrtle rust spores blew over from Australia.

The fungus harms the young, soft, actively growing parts of plants. It can effect plants including pōhutukawa, mānuka, kānuka, rātā, swamp maire and ramarama.

The initial efforts were on containing the disease, but it kept appearing in different parts of the country. This evidence led scientists to believe that the disease is being transported by windborne spores.

Several agencies are working to learn more about the effects myrtle rust may have on our plants, about its life cycle and what we can do treat the disease.

Look at the map showing where myrtle rust has been found in the Pacific.

The fungus was first noticed in Brazil and is indigenous (lives naturally) to Central and South America and the Caribbean. There are coastal states in the US that have myrtle rust.... Expand note

The following two myrtle rust image resources can function as activities.

The image of myrtle family species in New Zealand supports the science capabilities:

  • Gather and interpret data (observation)
  • Use evidence
  • Interpret representations
  • Engaging in science

The myrtle rust surveillance map supports the science capability Interpret representations.

There is a lot of information to unpack about the image itself even before you look at the disease's locations:

  • title
  • date
  • who compiled the data
  • why the map has contact details
  • clues to help us decide whether the data is trustworthy.

Do you recognise any of these plants?

Are any of these species in your school or at your home?

How can you determine if plants at your school or home have myrtle rust?... Expand note

The Myrtle rust surveillance map is updated monthly.

Examine the map to see

  • where myrtle rust has been found before... Expand note

The Myrtle Rust Reporter is a citizen science project using iNaturalist to log sightings of the disease.

Scientists in Australia are testing an environmentally friendly spray that uses RNA interference to reduce spore germination and infection.

The insights in this article apply to biosecurity and pest control but they also provide an opportunity to think about our environment differently.

The Taranaki Educational Resource: Research Analysis and Information Network (T.E.R:R.A.I.N) website has a full species list of trees in the myrtle family in New Zealand, along with useful images.

http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/fungi-te-henui/puccinia-psidii-myrtle-rust.html

Kiwifruit and PSA - introductory notes

PSA is a bacterial disease that has badly affected kiwifruit orchards in other parts of the world, including a New Zeland-owned orchard in Italy.

As a consequence, crown research institutes and the kiwi fruit industry were aware of the disease and its devastating effects.

It's still not known how the disease came to New Zealand, but when it was identified, quick action was taken.

Fortunately, the teams involved were able to identify PSA-tolerant species and get the kiwi fruit industry back on its feet in a reasonably short time.

In addition to learning about biosecurity issues and responses, this topic is ideal for teaching about the nature of science and how those involved collected and analysed evidence to solve a problem.

Why do you think the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Plant & Food Research and Zespri had a rapid response team in place to investigate PSA when it hit New Zealand?

The team was unable to contain or eradicate the disease. What do the words contain and eradicate mean?... Expand note

This timeline has dual strands – a chronology of events and comments about the nature of science (NOS).

The nature of science reflects how science works.

When using this timeline, reflect on the NOS aspects. Consider if there other examples of biosecurity events in the news or in your local area. ... Expand note

This information in the green boxes details when and how some of the major mammalian pests were introduced to New Zealand.

Look at the dates and discuss when and why many of the animals were released.

Are pests still being released today?... Expand note

This article talks about 'good bugs'. What determines whether an insect or a microorganism is 'good' or 'bad'?

Why do you think the author lists both the insect's common name and scientific name - for example pirate bug (Orius vicinus)?

The impact of climate change is a factor in increasing pest threats to Aotearoa New Zealand’s biosecurity from a warming climate, explore this further in this article from The Conversation.

This context for learning curates resources with a biodiversity focus. They are underpinned by aspects of tikanga and mātauranga Māori.