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  • The ocean is part of our lives – we may swim in it, sail on it or eat food from it. Many aspects of the ocean affect us – it controls climate1, supports life, wears away land, and provides resources.

    Rights: Image licensed through 123RF.com

    Beside the sea

    The ocean is a vital part of the planet. It interacts with three major Earth systems – atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere (air, land and life).

    The ocean is a system of chemical, physical and biological processes. Some of these processes are driven by basic science concepts – temperature, density and salinity (saltiness) – that help cause currents and affect climate.

    Oceans and seas

    The ocean is a continuous body of salty water that covers two-thirds of our planet2. Five main regions of the ocean have been given the names Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern Oceans. There are also smaller areas called seas. Some of these are part of a larger ocean – for example, the Tasman Sea between New Zealand and Australia is part of the Pacific Ocean. Other seas are almost surrounded by land but are still connected to an ocean – an example is the Mediterranean Sea, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean only by a small gap between Europe and Africa.

    Rights: The University of Waikato

    The five oceans

    The ocean is a continuous body of salty water that covers two-thirds of the Earth’s surface. Humans have divided it into five main oceans and many smaller seas.

    Find out more about ocean motion and the important role the ocean plays in several Earth systems and cycles.

    Seawater properties

    Seawater is not pure water – one sip tells you there is something in it that makes it salty. If you’ve swum in the ocean, you’ll know that seawater is denser than freshwater, as it helps you float better than the water in the pool. Saltiness (scientists call this saltiness ‘salinity’) and density3 are just two properties of seawater that affect many aspects of life on Earth.

    The ocean is not the same everywhere. Seawater properties vary from place to place – for example, some parts of the ocean are more or less salty, warmer or cooler, more or less dense. Properties also change over time, from season to season and year to year, as well as over much longer timescales.

    Some properties of seawater influence the climate of Earth and the ability of life to survive. The ocean is a complex system, and there are close links between the different properties. To understand how this works, we need to look at these properties – what they are, what causes the properties to vary around the world and what happens when they change.

    Oceanography – the young science

    Since the ocean is so big, and so important to our lives, you’d think that we’d know a lot about it, but oceanography – the study of the physical, chemical and biological processes of the ocean – is quite a young science. The sheer size of the ocean makes it hard to measure more than a tiny part of it, and much of it is inaccessible below the surface.

    Rights: Evgeniy Gritsay, licensed through 123RF.com

    Where the ocean and the atmosphere meet

    The surface of the ocean marks a boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere. Scientists are developing new tools to help them study what is going on at, and below, this boundary.

    Scientists now have new technology that lets them collect information from parts of the ocean they can’t actually see or touch. Sound has been used to map the mountains and valleys of the ocean floor, automatic sensors probe below the surface and satellites collect data4 over the whole surface. Powerful computers can handle the vast amounts of data being collected.

    One result of these advances is that scientists now know that the ocean plays an important part in controlling climate. The role of the atmosphere5 in climate control has been studied for a long time, but the urgency of climate change6 has helped drive the study of the ocean and its relationship with climate. Find out more in the article, The ocean and the carbon cycle.

    Meet some New Zealand oceanographers

    New Zealand is surrounded by ocean, so it is not surprising that its scientists play an important part in the international effort to understand the ocean and its processes. Find out about the work of two oceanographers and hear from others explaining how some ocean processes work.

    Rights: The University of Waikato Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato

    The ocean around New Zealand

    Dr Phil Sutton of NIWA explains how New Zealand sits at the boundary between warm, salty subtropical water and cool, less salty subantarctic water. Argo and Jason have shown that changes in ocean heat content are focused in this region.

    Select here to view video transcript and copyright information.

    Dr Phil Sutton is involved in the international Argo project, which uses thousands of automatic floats to monitor global ocean currents and chemistry. Data is available free on the internet and is updated every day, allowing scientists all round the world to build models of how the ocean works.

    Dr Kim Currie studies the role of the ocean in the carbon cycle7 – the movement of the element8 carbon9 around the Earth. She’s particularly interested in the exchange of carbon dioxide10 between the ocean and the atmosphere. Her tools include ships and satellites with equipment to collect and analyse seawater and air. Find out more about this in the articles Carbon dioxide in the ocean and Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

    Rights: Marg Sandmark

    Dr Kim Currie on RV Polaris

    NIWA scientist Dr Kim Currie preparing to sample seawater alkalinity. Knowing the alkalinity (pH) of a sample is an important part of measuring and understanding CO2 in the ocean.

    Take up the challenge

    The following activities can help students deepen their understanding of the ocean’s role in transporting heat11, water, salt12 and carbon around the Earth.

    • Buoyancy in water – make a Cartesian diver with your class to demonstrate the relationship between volume13, mass14 and density.
    • Using radiocarbon carbon dioxide data – students interpret graphs showing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of New Zealand and explore how sampling intervals affect the conclusions we are able to make.

    Question bank

    The The ocean in action – question bank provides an initial list of questions about the physical and chemical properties of the ocean and places where their answers can be found. The questions support an inquiry approach.

    Key terms

    For explanations of key concepts, see The ocean in action – key terms.

    Timeline

    Explore the timeline to see some important historical dates in the history of ocean studies, including the interaction of the ocean with climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide.

    Useful links

    Big Blue Aotearoa: How our ocean connects us (and why we need to protect it) is an animated cartoon story by Toby Morris, in collaboration15 with Sustainable Seas on The Spinoff. It is a great way to encourage us all to be mindful of the role our moana plays in our lives and how we can all ensure it stays healthy and thriving for generations to come.

    Listen to this podcast collaboration between RNZ’s science and environment podcast Our Changing World and New Zealand Geographic, Voice of Tangaroa that explores the state of our oceans.

    See our Pinterest boards below for more inspiration:
    1. climate: The weather conditions of an area averaged over a series of years, usually 30 or more.
    2. planet: In our Solar System, a planet is defined as an object that orbits the Sun, is big enough for its own gravity to make it ball-shaped and keeps space around it clear of smaller objects.
    3. density: How tightly a certain amount of matter (atoms or molecules) of a substance is compacted in a given volume. Density is commonly measured in grams per millilitre (g/ml) or cubic centimetre (g/cm3).
    4. data: The unprocessed information we analyse to gain knowledge.
    5. atmosphere: 1. The layer of gas around the Earth. 2. (atm) A non-SI unit of pressure equivalent to 101.325 kPa.
    6. climate change: The large-scale, long-term increase in the Earth’s average temperatures, with associated changes in weather patterns. There is significant scientific evidence that warming is due to increased quantities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, with most of the rise due to human activity.
    7. carbon cycle: The process by which carbon passes through the natural world.
    8. element: A substance made of atoms that all have the same atomic number. Elements cannot be split into simpler substances using normal chemical methods.
    9. carbon: A non-metal element (C). It is a key component of living things.
    10. carbon dioxide: CO2 is a colourless, odourless, incombustible gas. It is a product of cellular respiration and combustion and is an essential component in photosynthesis.
    11. heat energy (heat): Heat energy: the transfer of energy in materials from the random movement of the particles in that material. The greater the random movement of particles the more heat energy the material has. Temperature is a measure of the heat energy of a material.
      Heat: the flow of energy from a warm object to a cooler object.
    12. salt: In chemistry, a salt is produced when a strong acid and strong base react. Strong acid + strong base = salt + water.
    13. volume: 1. The quantity of space occupied by a liquid, solid or gas. Common units used to display volume include cubic metres, litres, millilitres, tablespoons and teaspoons. (Volume can refer to a large quanity of something). 2. The degree of sound intensity or audibility; loudness.
    14. mass: The amount of matter an object has, measured in kilograms.
    15. collaboration: Working together with a common purpose.
    Published 16 June 2010 Referencing Hub articles
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        climate

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      2. The weather conditions of an area averaged over a series of years, usually 30 or more.

        data

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      4. The unprocessed information we analyse to gain knowledge.

        carbon cycle

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      6. The process by which carbon passes through the natural world.

        carbon dioxide

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      8. CO2 is a colourless, odourless, incombustible gas. It is a product of cellular respiration and combustion and is an essential component in photosynthesis.

        volume

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      10. 1. The quantity of space occupied by a liquid, solid or gas. Common units used to display volume include cubic metres, litres, millilitres, tablespoons and teaspoons. (Volume can refer to a large quanity of something).

        2. The degree of sound intensity or audibility; loudness.

        planet

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      12. In our Solar System, a planet is defined as an object that orbits the Sun, is big enough for its own gravity to make it ball-shaped and keeps space around it clear of smaller objects.

        atmosphere

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      14. 1. The layer of gas around the Earth.

        2. (atm) A non-SI unit of pressure equivalent to 101.325 kPa.

        element

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      16. A substance made of atoms that all have the same atomic number. Elements cannot be split into simpler substances using normal chemical methods.

        heat energy (heat)

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      18. Heat energy: the transfer of energy in materials from the random movement of the particles in that material. The greater the random movement of particles the more heat energy the material has. Temperature is a measure of the heat energy of a material.
        Heat: the flow of energy from a warm object to a cooler object.

        mass

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      20. The amount of matter an object has, measured in kilograms.

        density

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      22. How tightly a certain amount of matter (atoms or molecules) of a substance is compacted in a given volume. Density is commonly measured in grams per millilitre (g/ml) or cubic centimetre (g/cm3).

        climate change

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      24. The large-scale, long-term increase in the Earth’s average temperatures, with associated changes in weather patterns. There is significant scientific evidence that warming is due to increased quantities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, with most of the rise due to human activity.

        carbon

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      26. A non-metal element (C). It is a key component of living things.

        salt

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      28. In chemistry, a salt is produced when a strong acid and strong base react. Strong acid + strong base = salt + water.

        collaboration

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      30. Working together with a common purpose.