Scientists from Lakes380 – Our lakes’ health: past, present, future sampled around 10% of lakes in Aotearoa1 New Zealand larger than 1 hectare (about the size of a rugby field). They collected water samples, surface sediment2 samples and sediment cores – tubes of mud that can be ‘read’ or interpreted much like a history book. The scientists have used data3 from the sediment cores4 to produce information sheets about the histories of the lakes.
Evidence from a lake sediment core
Paleoecologists are able to ‘read’ the past from evidence found in lake sediment cores. Pollen from bracken fern is associated with clearing forested land. Pollen from grasses and pine is associated with pastures and plantation forests. Pollen, charcoal and algae levels show the impacts humans have had on lake ecosystems.
Image courtesy of Lakes380 – Our lakes’ health: past, present, future.
This activity uses the Lakes380 information sheets to build student understanding of the nature of science5 and the science capabilities:
- Scientists depend on empirical6 evidence7 – and the interpretations/inferences they draw from it – to produce scientific knowledge. The science capability ‘Critique evidence’ encourages students to consider how data is collected and interpreted and how we know it is reliable.
- Scientists present the data in a variety of ways. The science capability ‘Interpret representations’ encourages students to think about how data is presented, what the representation tells us and how it gets the message across.
Visual representations contain literacy and numeracy components that students may need support to understand.
In this activity, students observe and interpret text and visual data from Lakes380 information sheets. The activity includes discussion questions to help students consider how the data was collected and how the information is presented via text and visual representations.
By the end of this activity, students should be able to:
- develop literacy and numeracy skills for interpreting information from area graphs
- identify the components of a graph
- discuss the data provided by the graph
- discuss the purpose of the graph
- discuss the origins of the data.
Download the Word file (see link below).
Related content
These articles provide useful background information:
- Lakes380 – Our lakes’ health: past, present, future
- Lake sediment cores – exploring the past
- Lakes380 – what does the data tell us?
Related activities
What might the data from your local lake tell you? Exploring my local lake gets students interested in lakes in their area.
Reading graphs in science offers experiences in exploring and interpreting visual representations.
Useful links
Visit Lakes380 to find out how and why the project is collecting and analysing sediments and water samples from lakes across Aotearoa. The lakes sampled are found here. Use filters to search for lake types and regions.
This Lakes380 webpage provides additional information about the types of lab analysis used to collect lake data.
He reo nō te puehu – A voice from the dust is an example of how mātauranga Māori8 and evidence from sediment cores have been used to visualise the changes to Lake Moawhitu over the last 1,000 years and what it could look like in the future.
Watch this simulation to see how lakebed or seabed sediment cores are collected.
Acknowledgement
This resource has been developed in collaboration9 with Lakes380 – Our lakes’ health: past, present, future (C05X1707), Cawthron Institute and GNS Science.
Lakes380 – Our lakes’ health: past, present, future
Lakes380 is a national project to gain in-depth understanding of the current and historical health of lakes in Aotearoa New Zealand. The project was co-led by GNS Science and Cawthron Institute and funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (C05X1707; Lakes380.com).
- Aotearoa: The Māori name for New Zealand, meaning Land of the Long White Cloud.
- sediments: Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid. In geology, it describes the solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and are carried and deposited by wind, water or ice.
- data: The unprocessed information we analyse to gain knowledge.
- sediment core: A sample obtained by drilling into geological material using a long, hollow tube. The organic and inorganic layers provide a vertical history of geologic and climatic conditions over time.
- nature of science: The Nature of Science (NoS), is an overarching and unifying strand of the New Zealand science curriculum. Through it, students develop the skills, attitudes and values to build a foundation for understanding the world around them – understanding how science works in order to make links between scientific knowledge and everyday decisions and actions.
- empirical: Based on observation.
- evidence: Data, or information, used to prove or disprove something.
- mātauranga Māori: A contemporary term referring to Māori knowledge, Māori ways of knowing and associated practice.
- collaboration: Working together with a common purpose.
