Kua ruia atu te kākano – kātahi ka aha?
Mēnā ka tau te kākano ki tētahi wāhi arotau, ka tinaku, ā, ka pihi he tipu hou.
E uhia ana te kākano e te kahukano.
Kei roto i te kākano te kikiri (te punua tipu) me tōna pātaka kai.
Ka uruuru mai te wai me te hāora ki te kākano, ka whakamahana ngā hihi o Tama-nui-te rā i te oneone, nāwai, nāwai, ā, ka pihi mai te punua pakiaka me te wana.
The seed has been sown – what next?
If the seed1 lands in a favourable spot, it will germinate and the new plant will sprout.
The seed coat covers the outside of the seed.
Inside the seed are the embryo2 and food stores.
Water and oxygen3 enter the seed through the micropyle, the Sun heats the soil, then the embryonic shoot and root sprout from the seed.
He aha ngā momo tupu e whai ai i ngā kākano?
He rerekē te tikanga a tēnā momo tupu, a tēnā momo tupu e whai ai i ngā kākano, mō te taha ki te whakaputu kai mā te tupu hou. Waihoki, he rerekē te putanga o te tupu hou a tēnā momo, a tēnā momo i te tinakutanga.
What are the different types of seed-producing plants?
The different types of seed producing plants each store food for the new plant in a different way. They also differ in how the new plant emerges from the seed during germination4.
Ngā momo tipu e whai ai i ngā kākano
Ngā rākau koroī, ngā tipu pātaka-moke me ngā tipu pātaka-rua. Kei runga ake, ka kitea te kahikatea, te kauri, te harakeke, te nīkau, te kōwhai, me te tītoki hei tauira.
Image acknowledgements: Kahikatea, cbeard, CC BY-NC 4.0, sourced from iNaturalistNZ; Kauri and tītoki, Wayne Bennett, CC BY-NC 4.0; Harakeke, Roger Culos, CC BY-SA 3.0; Nīkau, Grey Smith, CC BY-NC 4.0, sourced from iNaturalistNZ; Kōwhai, Phil Bendle, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 NZ.
Te tinakutanga o ngā kākano: te tipu pātaka-rua
Ko tā ngā pātaka, koirā ngā pātaka matua o roto i ngā tupu pātaka-rua. He wāhanga ērā pātaka o te kikiri, nō reira, e rua ngā huinga o ngā pūira tō ia pātaka - tētahi nō te tupu whaea, ā, tetahi nō te tupu matua.
I ngētehi wā ka tipu ngā pātaka hei rau tuatahi o te tupu hou, ā, ka pihi ake ki runga ake i te oneone i te tinakutanga. Heoi, mō ētahi atu momo, pērā i ngā pī, ka noho kei raro kē i te oneone.
Germination of dicotyledon seeds
The cotyledons are the main food store in dicotyledons. The cotyledons form part of the embryo. Therefore, they have two copies of each chromosome5 – one from the mother plant and one from the father.
They sometimes act as the first leaves of the new plant and often sprout above ground during germination. However, in some species6 (such as peas), they stay below ground.
He hoahoa mō te tinakutanga o te pātaka-rua
Ngā wāhanga o te kākano me te tinakutanga o ngā tupu pātaka-rua. Te pīne hei tauira. He maha ngā momo rākau pātaka-rua kei roto i ngō tātou ngahere, pērā i te kawakawa, i te manakura me te tītoki.
Go here to download a PDF of this diagram.
Ngā hoahoa/whakaahuatia nā Designua, 123RF Ltd.
Te tinakutanga o ngā kākano: tipu pātaka-moke
Ko te ‘endosperm’ te pātaka matua kei roto i ngā kākano pātaka-moke. He pūtautau te ‘endosperm’ e whakaahuatia ana i te whakatōnga. Kei a ia ngā huinga e toru o ia pūira – e rua nō te tupu whaea, ā, kotahi nō te tupu matua.
Ko te mahi matua o te pātaka kei ngā kākano pātaka-moke, ko te whakawhiti i ngā kai mai te “endosperm” ki te wana me te punua pakiaka. Kāore te pātaka i te pihi ake te kākano. Engari anō te wana, ka pihi kē mai i te kākano kei roto i tētehi kahukano.
Germination of monocotyledon seeds
In monocotyledons, the single cotyledon absorbs resources from the endosperm and transfers them to the new shoot and root. The cotyledon does not sprout from the seed. The new shoot emerges from the seed within a protective shield called the coleoptile.
The endosperm is the primary food storage organ in most monocotyledons. The endosperm is a tissue formed during fertilisation7. It has three copies of each chromosome – two from the mother plant and one from the father plant.
He hoahoa mō te tinakutanga o te pātaka-moke
Ngā wāhanga o te kākano me te tinakutanga o ngā tupu pātaka-ru. Te kānga hei tauira. Ko ngā rākau pātaka-moke ki roto i te rohe nei, ko te nīkau me te tī kōuka.
Ka taea e koe te PDF o tēnei ripanga te tikiake i konei.
Te tinakutanga o ngā kākano: rākau koroī
He aha te rerekētanga o ngā kākano koroī i ngā kākano o ngētehi atu momo tupu?
Ko te ‘gametophyte’ te pātaka matua o ngā kākano koroī. Ko tā te ‘gametophyte’ he whakaputa i te pūtau hema-uwha, ā, kei a ia kotahi huinga anake o ngā pūira o te tupu whaea.
Ko te mahi matua o ngā pātaka o te kākano koroi, hei rau tuatahi mō te tupu hou. Neke atu i te 20 ngā pātaka kei roto i ngā kākano o ngētehi momo rākau8 koroī. Te nuinga o te wā, ka pihi ai aua pātaka ki runga ake i te oneone.
Germination of conifer seeds
What is the difference between conifer seeds and those of other plants?
The main food storage organ in conifer seeds is the gametophyte9. This is the structure that produces the egg cell10 and contains a single copy of the mother plant’s chromosomes11.
The main function of cotyledons in most conifers is as the first leaves of the new plant. Some conifer species have more than 20 cotyledons within their seeds. Conifer seeds usually sprout these above ground during germination.
Ngā kākano me ngā wana o te rākau koroī
Ko te koroī te taihemahema o tēnei rōpū rākau. Mā te hau ngā kākano o te rākau koroī e kawe, ka tau ki te whenua. Nāwai, nāwai, ā, ka pihi ake he rākau hou. Ko te kahikatea me te mataī ngētehi rākau koroī kei roto i te rohe nei. Waihoki, ko te tōtara, te miro me te rimu.
Ka taea e koe te PDF o tēnei ripanga te tikiake i konei.
Te whakaahua o te wana o te rākau koroī nā anest, 123RF Ltd.
Download
This resource is available as a te reo Māori only Word document file for kura12 to adapt as required.
He kōrero kōpūtahi ❘ Related content
- Ngā rākau
- He aha hoki tērā rākau?
- Te haenga me te ruinga o te kākano
- Ngā rau o te rākau
- He pūnaha whakarōpū
Mō te tūpono he ngākau whakapuke koe ki ēnei kaupapa:
You may also be interested in:
Watch our webinar He rauemi reo Māori mō ngā rākau – Te reo Māori plant resources for an overview of the bilingual resources created with Dr Norm Mason.
Use this suite of activities to collect, observe and plant kōwhai seeds.
Ngā hono ❘ Useful links
- Kākano – Paekupu
- Calendar for seed collecting – trees: ecosource seeds – Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai
- Native seed bank – RNZ
- Seed collection and propagation guide for native trees and shrubs – Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai
He whakamihi
Tēnei te mihi nui ki a Mokoro Gillett (Tumuaki o Te Wharekura o Te Rau Aroha) rāua ko Norman Mason (Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research). Tēnā kōrua.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Mokoro Gillett (Principal of Te Wharekura o Te Rau Aroha) and Norman Mason (Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research).
- seed: 1. Part of the sexual reproduction of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (cone plants). Contains an embryo and its food store, which creates a new plant when conditions are right. 2. Offspring or progeny.
- embryo: The product of a fertilised egg, from the zygote until the foetal stage. The undeveloped plant that forms when the ovule is fertilised.
- oxygen: A non-metal – symbol O, atomic number 8. Oxygen is a gas found in the air. It is needed for aerobic cellular respiration in cells.
- germination: The first stage of plant growth from a seed to a seedling. When conditions are right, a seed takes in water and starts to grow a root, stem and leaves.
- chromosome: A structure within the cell nucleus made of a single coiled piece of DNA that contains the genetic blueprint of an organism.
- species: (Abbreviation sp. or spp.) A division used in the Linnean system of classification or taxonomy. A group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring.
- fertilisation: (Reproduction) The joining of male and female sex cells (gametes), resulting in combining genetic material.
- rākau: A Māori for word trees, wood or sticks.
- gametophyte: The gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant that has alternation of generations. The haploid generation of the life cycle.
- cell: 1. Building block of the body. A human is made of millions of cells, which are adapted for different functions and can reproduce themselves exactly. 2. A simple electrolytic device that enables chemical energy to be transformed into electrical energy.
- chromosome: A structure within the cell nucleus made of a single coiled piece of DNA that contains the genetic blueprint of an organism.
- kura: Māori term for school or education. (Kura has other meanings for different contexts.)
