Wetlands1 once occupied nearly 10% of Aotearoa2 New Zealand’s land cover. In the last 150 years, 90% of these wetlands have been drained or degraded. Fortunately, our society now has a better understanding of the cultural values and ecosystem services wetlands provide. There are local and national initiatives to protect existing wetlands and return degraded wetlands back to the healthy, thriving ecosystems3 they once were.
Restoring the future by reconstructing the past
There’s a good deal of groundwork that needs to happen before a restoration project begins. This isn’t the kind of groundwork that involves a spade. It’s about finding out what existed before – the ecological whakapapa4 of the wetland system – and exploring the significance and value of an area to mana whenua5.
Restoration is not only about the physical replanting. It is also about healing.
Ka ora te whenua6, ka ora te tangata.
Kīngi Tāwhiao Te Wherowhero
If you heal the land, you heal the people.
Establishing a relationship with hau kāinga7/mana whenua is an important step when embarking on a restoration project of any ecosystem8. Whānau9, hapū10 and iwi11 share a deep connection with their local repo (wetland), roto12 or hāpua. For many, the wellbeing of the wetland13 is intertwined with the wellbeing of the people. Speaking with local kaumātua14, grandparents, elderly neighbours and others about their memories of a wetland system may provide helpful knowledge about plant and animal species15 that once occupied the area.
It may take time to build these relationships, but they are worthwhile. Mana whenua have monitored their local environments for a long time – sometimes for centuries. This in-depth knowledge – mātauranga Māori16 – holds valuable information.
Oral histories, old maps, survey records, aerial photographs and reports also provide information about wetland locations and the plant and animal species they once supported.
Key features of a wetland restoration site
Before beginning a restoration project, it’s also important to observe the features of the wetland area:
- Type of wetland – bog, fen, swamp, marsh or estuarine.
- Vegetation – dominant vegetation17 types including trees, sedges, rushes, mosses, rare species and weed infestations.
- Animals (insects, fish and birds) – what lives there now (including pest species), what used to live there.
- Water – inflows and outflows, water levels and modifications such as drains, culverts or stopbanks.
- Soil type – the underlying substrate18 – peat, mineral19 or a combination of both.
- Created features – buildings, fences, bridges or similar.
- Cultural sites located within or near the wetland.
With this information in hand, the next step in the restoration process is to set goals and consider the activities needed to meet the goals. Restoration is a long-term process. An ongoing monitoring programme will show changes over time and assess the effectiveness of the project. There are established monitoring and assessment tools available – see the useful links section at the end of this article.
Restoring mauri, taonga and tikanga
For Māori, wetlands are more than ecological systems – they are taonga20. Repo have historical, cultural, economic and spiritual significance. They can be reservoirs for knowledge, wellbeing, and utilisation. Repo provide habitats21 and breeding grounds for taonga plants and animals, they are sources of mahinga kai22 and they supply materials for weaving, carving and rongoā23.
Restoring the mauri24 (life force) of the repo enhances tikanga25 and te reo Māori and strengthens the rangatiratanga26 of mana whenua.
Combined approaches to restoring repo
Māori are increasingly interested to work alongside kairangahau27 (researchers) and scientists in joint approaches to wetland restoration. Mātauranga Māori and whakapapa concepts add depth of understanding to ecological issues. Kairangahau and scientists bring additional skills and knowledge to restoration projects, such as technical expertise28. When these knowledge systems come together, they can create innovative approaches toward the restoration of these precious ecosystems.
Nature of science
In Aotearoa, our thinking about decision making has seen major shifts in recent times. We’re increasingly recognising that cultural and environmental considerations play an important part in how we look after and use the land and the sea.
Related content
Working together to restore the Ōngātoro/Maketū Estuary is an example of how mātauranga29 Māori, marine science and engineering knowledge were used to successfully restore an estuarine wetland.
Find out what lives in wetlands:
Cheri van Schravendijk-Goodman discusses repo from both te ao Māori30 and ecological perspectives in these videos.
Ngāti Hauā Mahi Trust is involved in restoration projects that contribute to health of the whenua and the community.
Useful links
New Zealand Landcare Trust has lots of resources in their wetlands section on their website.
Wetland Restoration: A handbook for New Zealand freshwater systems provides an ecosystem approach toward understanding, protecting and restoring our remaining wetlands.
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research has published several resources with te ao Māori approaches:
- Te Reo o Te Repo – The Voice of the Wetland – handbook
- Māori values and wetland enhancement – poster
- Māori environmental monitoring: processes and indicators – poster
- Taonga classifications and species – poster
Pūniu River Care uses a te ao Māori approach to restoration.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to the editors and contributors of Te Reo o Te Repo – The Voice of the Wetland for permission and support to adapt this publication, and funding from Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research and MBIE’s Unlocking Curious Minds initiative.
The Voice of the Wetlands
The handbook Te Reo o Te Repo – The Voice of the Wetland forms the basis of the collection of resources funded by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research and MBIE’s Unlocking Curious Minds initiative.
- wetland: An area of land that is saturated with water, often referred to as a swamp or bog. Wetlands may be seasonally or permanently water-logged with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions. Wetlands are known as repo in te reo Māori.
- Aotearoa: The Māori name for New Zealand, meaning Land of the Long White Cloud.
- ecosystem: An interacting system including the biological, physical, and chemical relationships between a community of organisms and the environment they live in.
- whakapapa: The familial connection, genealogy, ancestry and lineage of living things and non-living things.
- mana whenua: Māori people who have customary authority over an area.
- whenua: Land.
- hau kāinga: The local people of a marae, a true home.
- ecosystem: An interacting system including the biological, physical, and chemical relationships between a community of organisms and the environment they live in.
- whānau: Extended family.
- hapū: A division of a Māori tribe or iwi. Māori clans or subtribes.
- iwi: Māori tribe or large community, often consisting of several hapū (clans) bound together by common ancestors.
- roto: Lake, wetlands or swamp (repo).
- wetland: An area of land that is saturated with water, often referred to as a swamp or bog. Wetlands may be seasonally or permanently water-logged with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions. Wetlands are known as repo in te reo Māori.
- kaumātua: Respected tribal elder(s).
- species: (Abbreviation sp. or spp.) A division used in the Linnean system of classification or taxonomy. A group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring.
- mātauranga Māori: A contemporary term referring to Māori knowledge, Māori ways of knowing and associated practice.
- vegetation: Plant life.
- substrate: 1. In ecology, the surface or sediment where an organism lives and grows. 2. In biochemistry, the substance on which an enzyme works.
- mineral: 1. (Geology) A naturally occurring solid formed through geological processes. Any given mineral has a characteristic chemical composition and a specific set of physical properties. 2. (Dietary) An inorganic compound needed for proper body function and maintenance of health, for example, iron in the form of haeme present in red meat.
- taonga: Within the Māori world view, a taonga is a treasure that represents whakapapa in relation to a kin group’s estate and tribal resources. Amongst many things, a taonga can be a living creature, a landscape, an object or a song. Taonga are important to the mana (honour and prestige) of the iwi associated with them.
- habitat: The natural environment in which an organism lives.
- mahinga kai: Generally refers to indigenous freshwater species that have traditionally been used as food, tools or other resources.
- rongoā: Traditional Māori medicine.
- mauri: Life force or spiritual essence of a person, place or thing.
- tikanga: Māori customs and traditions that have been handed down from the ancestors.
- rangatiratanga: Chieftainship, right to exercise authority, chiefly autonomy, chiefly authority, leadership of a social group, domain of the rangatira (chief), attributes of a chief.
- kairangahau: Researcher.
- expertise: Having excellent knowledge or skills in a particular area.
- mātauranga: Māori cultural knowledge and understanding of the world; Māori wisdom.
- te ao Māori: Māori world view (belief system), which provides a Māori epistemology (study of knowledge) of source, origin, knowledge, and application.
