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    • The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai crater and caldera before & after
    Rights: Sung-Hyun Park/Korea Polar Research Institute, CC BY-SA Published 8 March 2023 Size: 270 KB Referencing Hub media

    The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai crater and caldera1 – move to see before and after the volcanic eruption.

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    1. caldera: When a volcano erupts, a large volume of magma (lava) can spew onto the Earth’s surface. When this large volume of material is removed from beneath the volcano, it can cause it to collapse into the emptied cavern to form a depression. This depression or basin is called a caldera. Some calderas are several kilometres deep and over 25 kilometres wide.

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    A year on, we know why the Tongan eruption was so ...

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      2. When a volcano erupts, a large volume of magma (lava) can spew onto the Earth’s surface. When this large volume of material is removed from beneath the volcano, it can cause it to collapse into the emptied cavern to form a depression. This depression or basin is called a caldera. Some calderas are several kilometres deep and over 25 kilometres wide.

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